Book Appointment

GERD Explained: The Causes, Symptoms, and Long-Term Effects on Your Health

EN-B-GA-CN2463-V2_20251112_121831_v1

What is GERD?

GERD stands for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. It is a long-term condition where acid from the stomach flows back into the food pipe. This backflow is called acid reflux. GERD is also known as acid reflux disease. Many people around the world experience GERD. In the United States, millions deal with GERD symptoms every year. While occasional heartburn is common, GERD happens more often and can affect your daily life.

Common Symptoms of GERD

People with GERD may notice several signs. However, symptoms can vary from person to person. Some of the most common GERD symptoms include:

  • Burning feeling in the chest (heartburn), especially after eating
  • Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Feeling like there is a lump in your throat
  • Chronic cough or sore throat
  • Hoarseness or voice changes
  • Chest pain (always seek medical help if chest pain is severe)

    • For some, symptoms get worse at night or when lying down. Others may have mild symptoms that come and go. Either way, it is important to pay attention to these signs.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    GERD happens when the muscle at the end of the food pipe does not close properly. As a result, stomach acid can move up into the throat. Several factors can increase your risk of developing GERD. For example, being overweight or obese puts extra pressure on the stomach. In addition, pregnancy can also raise the risk. Other common causes and risk factors include:

  • Eating large meals or lying down soon after eating
  • Eating spicy, fatty, or acidic foods
  • Drinking alcohol, coffee, or carbonated drinks
  • Smoking tobacco
  • Certain medicines, such as asthma drugs or blood pressure pills
  • Hiatal hernia (a small part of the stomach moves up into the chest)

    • While anyone can get GERD, these factors make it more likely.

    How GERD is Diagnosed

    If you have frequent acid reflux or GERD symptoms, your doctor may suggest tests. First, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. Then, they may perform a physical exam. In some cases, further tests are needed, such as:

  • Upper endoscopy (a thin tube with a camera looks at your food pipe and stomach)
  • pH monitoring (measures acid levels in your food pipe)
  • Esophageal manometry (checks how well the muscles in your food pipe work)
  • X-rays with a special liquid to see your upper digestive tract

    • These tests help your doctor find the best treatment for GERD.

    Treatment Options for GERD

    There are several ways to treat GERD. Your doctor will choose the best option based on your symptoms and health. Common treatment for GERD includes:

  • Over-the-counter antacids to relieve heartburn
  • Medicines that reduce acid, such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors
  • Prescription medicines for more severe cases
  • Surgery, in rare cases, if other treatments do not help

    • For many people, a mix of medicine and lifestyle changes works well. However, always talk to your doctor before starting any new treatment.

    Lifestyle Tips for Managing GERD

    Making simple changes can help manage GERD and reduce symptoms. For example, you can:

  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals
  • Avoid foods and drinks that trigger symptoms
  • Wait at least two to three hours after eating before lying down
  • Raise the head of your bed to prevent nighttime symptoms
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol
  • Wear loose-fitting clothes to avoid pressure on your stomach

    • These steps can make a big difference in managing GERD day to day.

    Preventing GERD and Its Complications

    While GERD is common, you can take steps to prevent it or stop it from getting worse. For instance, following the lifestyle tips above can lower your risk. Also, see your doctor if you have frequent or severe symptoms. Untreated GERD can lead to problems like esophagitis (swelling of the food pipe), ulcers, or even a higher risk of cancer in rare cases. Early treatment helps prevent these issues and keeps you healthy.

    If you think you may have GERD or want to learn more about managing GERD, consult a gastroenterologist for personalized advice on GERD management.

    Share